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Summary 1. Historical overview: language
policy and nation-building in the USSR
2.
Interethnic tensions in the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet context
3.
The awakening of national groups in Russia
4. Conclusion: strategies for a
peaceful and balanced management of linguistic diversity in the Russian Federation and the
Soviet successor states
5. Bibliography
1. Historical overview: language policy and nation-building in the USSR
The processes of
language planning and language policy carried on since 1991 in the Russian Federation can't be
explained without a short reference to the historical, political and social outcomes
raised by the nationality and language policies implemented during decades in the former
USSR. Nevertheless, insofar as the topic of this paper is what is going on nowadays
regarding the management of language diversity, I will try to summarize this historical
background. (2)
The ideological
bases of the Soviet nationality policies and the process of nationalization (3) implemented in the republics had a
rather paradoxical character as far as on the one hand the Soviet regime entitled the
nationalities with a well-defined political and territorial status -even for those which
had not yet reached a pre-capitalist level of development- which led to a process of
nation-building where political and territorial units were created on the basis of nations
that constituted themselves as historical cultural communities during the Tsarist period,
contrary to what had been the usual pattern in Western Europe. On the other hand, these
processes took place in a parallel way with a gradual policy of repression of national
historical cultures that only preserved the most ethnographic and folkloric elements.
Furthermore, and according to the analysis proposed by Gellner regarding the formation of
nations during the processes of modernization, (4) we can argue that Soviet
Marxism-Leninism did not consider the peripheral nationalities has deep rooted societies
in the modern economic and politic structures, but rather as 'folkloric' or 'ethnographic'
nations. Noneless, the logical ground of Bolshevik policy towards nationalities after the
Revolution - the korenizatsiia- (5) constituted a formula according to
which those nations whose collective rights had been denied and repressed during the
Tsarist period should have access to the free exercise of these rights within the general
framework of the building of socialism in order to reach by themselves the conclusion that
national sovereignty was not by itself a solution to all the national, cultural, social,
politic and economic problems of development. The final goal was therefore the merger of
all nations into a single socialist community, once all national cultures had had the
opportunity to bloom during the period of construction of socialism as stressed by Stalin
at the XVI Congress of the CP(b)SU (6) in 1930. (7)
This policy was
likewise aimed to be a lenitive for the social, political and national tensions that
emerged successively in the cities, the rural areas and the periphery of the State during
the Revolution, the Civil War and the process of building of the Soviet state. In order to
solve these tensions, the Bolsheviks implemented simultaneously three kinds of policies:
the application of the principle of national-territorial autonomy as the cornerstone of
the recently created Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of Russia; the formation of
autonomous territorial units in peripheral regions; and the implementation of korenizatsiia
at large scale. At the same time, these policies were followed by two corollaries to
ensure full support from peasants and urban workers to the regime: the NEP and the massive
enlistment of proletarians into the Party. From a sociolinguistic point of view, the
outcomes of the Soviet nationality policies can be summed up as follows: "La
politique linguistique est sans aucun doute le plus original de laction menée par
le pouvoir en matière nationale. Cest aussi, cela est certain, sa plus parfaite
réussite". (8)
Actually the
different language policies implemented in the Soviet Union are for sure one of the most
salient achievements of the regime insofar as we can't detach them from the political,
social and economic events which took place during seven decades neither from the changes
in the correlations of forces within the top ranks of the State and of the federated
republics. The changes in the demographic structure of the population during the process
of modernization of Soviet economy and society contributed likewise to strengthen,
especially in the urban areas, the tensions raised by the contacts between languages
together with other factors as the size of linguistic and national groups, the experience
(historical o recent) of contacts with other ethnic groups, the geographic location or
concrete linguistic, religious and cultural kinships.
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