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The question asked was "which
language do you mainly speak when...: you go shopping, you ask someone you do not know for
information, you speak to a local policeman, at work, with the neighbours, with friends
and when you write a memo". The answer options were not read but, even so, a
proportion of the interviewees answered "both Catalan and Spanish", and did not
prioritise one language over the other.
The first
observation to make is the difference between the oral cases and the only situation that
requires a certain level of writing skills. Whilst the main language of use for the first
six situations is Catalan (around 50%), the majority write memos in Spanish, 53.8% to be
more accurate. This is borne out by the significant percentage of individuals who still do
not know how to write in the territorys own language -54.2%, according to data from
the 1996 census.
Secondly, although the
variations which range from 52.9% for use in shops to 44.3% with neighbours
(approximately nine points difference) are not very great, it would appear that
Catalan is mainly used in more impersonal and "official" situations, whilst it
is used less in situations involving a higher level of personal acquaintance. This fact
also seems to be associated with a stronger use of both languages in these latter cases.
This probably does not mean that we use a mixture of Catalan and Spanish to communicate
with a particular neighbour, but rather that we speak to some neighbours in Spanish and to
others in Catalan. The same occurs at work or with friends. It also depends on the
circumstances of your meeting the person in the first place. It is well-known that it is
very difficult to change the language you use to communicate with a person that you met
using a different language. The stronger the emotional intensity of the relationship, the
more difficult this change becomes. Finally, the second option is always Spanish, which
oscillates between 30% and 40%, depending on the variation of the third category, both
languages, since the two lines are clearly asymmetrical: when one rises, the other
drops, and vice versa, except in more "personalised" situations (with neighbours
or friends), where both languages increase to the detriment of Catalan, and not Spanish,
which remains the same.
It is important to try and
discover how this use has evolved over recent years. We can do this using the results from
a number of years, with practically the same or very similar questions (1978, 1993 and
1998, using the CIS surveys; 2000, with that of Fabà et al.), as revealed in
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Individuals who mainly use Catalan, in a range of contexts. 1978, 1993, 1998 and 2000.
Percentages
Source: CIS 1978, 1993 and 1998, Fabà et al. 2000
As we can see, the results throughout the last decade are very similar, since the
differences occur because of the range of situations, and not so much because there has
been an increase or decrease in the social use of Catalan. However, there are important
contrasts between 1978 and 1993, particularly in the last two cases, which reveal a
significant increase in use.
It is interesting
to intersect the data contained in Figure 9 with those of linguistic identity. |