|
6d) Without larger access to the
guarderies, we can only draw tentative conclusions. Some school directors were frankly
unwilling to open their doors to outside scrutiny; meanwhile, others, advertised services
and methodologies that they did not actually offer or practice. (This information came
from students who were "teachers aides" at various guarderies. Finally,
some pre-schools acted as straight business ventures: the directora (school director or
principal) did not even possess the proper diploma to administer the school. A
"friend" or partner had "lent" his (or, usually, her) name and
credentials to be the nominal (but absent) school administrator. Nevertheless, 90% or more
of the schools I visited were staffed by dedicated, caring, young, mostly female
employees. The schools operate relatively well, considering the monetary, size, and
staffing limitations in Catalonia, as well as the linguistic mix.
6e) The question of the traditional live-in "nanny" rarely arises today in
Catalonia. Despite maternity leaves and attentive avis (grandparents), in
Catalonia, the hand that initially rocks the cradle does not necessarily rule the
linguistic world. Thus, the key question we should ask is not who is having the
children, or who is watching the children, but rather: "What language do the
children speak when someone else is watching them?"
Paul
O'Donnell és professor a la University of Michigan-Flint.
Properament podreu consultar una versió traduïda d'aquest article.
References
Ahn, Namkee,
and Sara de la Rica. 1997. The Underground Economy in Spain: An Alternative to Applied
Economics 29 (6): 733-43.
Capellades, J. and
M. Farré. Levolució de la població de Catalunya: tendencies recents. 1998. In
Idescat 1998.
Castonguay, Charles. 1987. Private communication at the University of Ottawa. July 1,
1998.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of a Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Corsetti, Renato.
1996. A Mother Language Spoken Mostly by Fathers. Language Problems and Language Planning
20 (3): 263-273.
Ferguson, Charles
A. , and Shirley Brice Heath, eds. 1981. Language in the U.S.A. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Fishman, Joshua.
1965. Who Speaks What Language to Who and When? La Linguistique 2: 67-88.
Gilbert, Glenn G. 1981. French and German: A Comparative Study. In Ferguson and Heath,
eds. 1981.
Institut dEstadistica de Catalunya. 1998. La societat catalana. Barcelona: Idescat.
Moerk, Ernst L.
1992. A first language taught and learned. Baltimore, U.S.A.: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.
ODonnell, Paul E. 1988. Catalan and Castilian as Prestige Languages: A Tale of Two
Cities. 12 (93): 226-238.
________. 1989a. A
Study of Linguistically "Mixed" Families in Catalonia, Spain: Pluralism and
Politics. Romance Languages Annual, Fall, l988.
________. 1989b.
Survey Research in Catalonia: Bilingualism and Bias. Catalan Review 3 (2): 125-136.
________. 1997. The Mixed Marriage in Catalonia and Quebec. Presented at the 1997
Convention of
the Modern Language Association; Toronto, Canada, December, 1997.
Ramirez, A. Alba.
1985. Self-Employment in the Midst of Unemployment. Applied Economics 26 (3): 198-204.
Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. 1996. Census. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
Strubell, Miquel.
1990. Barcelona. In Mackey, ed. Unpublished manuscript. Circulated by the Institut de
Sociolingüística Catalana, Generalitat de Catalunya. |